Teaching Kids About Sex
As the debate rages over the kind of sex education schools should provide, parents have a key role to play.
The debate over sex education is raging anew. First, came the news of teen TV star Jamie Lynn Spears' pregnancy. Then, a national study made alarming headlines: one in four teenage girls and young women was found to have a sexually transmitted disease.
The news prompted calls for better sex education. The unsettled question: What kind of sex education is good sex education?
While parents wondered how to talk to their kids about the pregnant Nickelodeon actress, the dueling proponents of comprehensive sex education and abstinence-only programs seized on the national study, which was conducted by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as support for their views.
A look at the status of sex education, the latest research and the key role parents play in a child's sexual behavior can help you sort through the issues.
From the moment sex ed was introduced in the early 1900s, it has been controversial. Initially unveiled in the schools as an effort to curb venereal disease, the focus eventually shifted to preventing teenage pregnancy. The arrival of the AIDS epidemic in the 1980s upped the ante and brought a new sense of urgency to keep kids safe.
Sex Education Laws
There is no federal sex education law. Most states have laws about sex education, and most of these include AIDS, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and abstinence instruction. The majority of states allow parents to pull their children out of sex education class. You can look up the status of sex education in your state at the Education Commission of the States Web site.
Comprehensive vs. Abstinence Sex Education
The explosive growth of programs that advocate abstinence for all unmarried people was initially fueled by government funding from the Clinton administration's welfare reform legislation but received the greatest encouragement from the Bush administration.
What is taught in comprehensive vs. abstinence programs
A comprehensive program typically:
- Teaches that sex is natural and healthy
- Explains human sexual development and reproduction
- Teaches that abstinence is the only 100% effective form of birth control
- Explains medical details of STDs and HIV
- Teaches the use of condoms to reduce the risk of pregnancies and infection
- Covers a variety of topics, such as relationships, communication skills, health and societal expectations
- Includes factual information on abortion, sexual orientation and sexually transmitted diseases
An abstinence-only program typically:
- Teaches that sex outside of marriage has harmful consequences and that abstinence is the only acceptable behavior
- May or may not discuss condoms or other birth control. If it does, it is usually with an emphasis on failure rates
- Omits topics such as abortion and sexual orientation
- Teaches communication skills so that teens can keep from being pressured into sex
- Helps teens explore their goals in life
Middle-Ground Programs
Hybrid sex education programs have evolved in an effort to find a compromise between the two camps. These include Abstinence-Plus Education, which emphasizes the abstinence component in a comprehensive sex education program.
Baby Think It Over
Both comprehensive programs and those that emphasize abstinence may incorporate a more pragmatic approach to try to convince kids to delay sex. Students are required to carry eggs in a basket or a sack of flour around for a certain period of time to try to understand how having a baby would affect their lives. Baby Think It Over takes this approach to a whole new level. This anatomically correct baby is really a computerized simulator with an unpredictable nature. When it cries at random times, the student parent has to insert a key to soothe it. If the baby gets rough treatment, a microprocessor records what happened.
Baby Think It Over is costly (more than $250 for each baby) but has been popular at many schools. Is it a gimmick or does it work?
Baby Think It Over and its flour-sack equivalents are based on a learning theory about adolescents: Kids of this age believe they are unlikely to get pregnant and underestimate the difficulties if they do. There's some evidence that Baby Think It Over does indeed help kids to think it over. But there's a lot less evidence that the thinking translates into delayed sexual behavior.
Using Baby Think It Over in the context of other lessons may be the most powerful way to bring home the responsibility of rearing a child. Incorporating lessons in math about the cost of caring for a child, for example, might reinforce a lesson learned from carrying a simulated baby around for a few days.
Which Sex Ed Approach Is Best?
There is no strong evidence so far that abstinence-only programs keep kids from having sex. Abstinence-only programs that have been evaluated did not affect teens' sexual behavior, notes a study sponsored by the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy. Some programs affected their intentions to abstain, but that did not mean they actually did. More rigorous research is needed on abstinence-only programs, the study says.
The first national survey comparing the effects of the two types of sex education found in 2008 that students who got comprehensive sex education are half as likely to become teen parents as those who got abstinence-only instruction or no sex education. In the survey, taken by researchers at the University of Washington and published in the Journal of Adolescent Health, teens between 15 and 19 years old who had comprehensive sex education were no more likely to have sex than those who had abstinence-only classes. Neither comprehensive nor abstinence-only instruction had much affect on the odds that student would be infected with an STD.
What Should a Concerned Parent Do?
Parents have a major role in influencing a child's sexual behavior. As the report sponsored by the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy points out, teens' own sexual beliefs, values, attitudes and intentions — not the kind of sex education they get in school — are the most strongly related to their sexual behavior. And parents play a key role in shaping those attitudes. That makes the pregnancy of a high-profile teen actress a teachable moment. Talking about sex can be tough for parents, but there is a lot of research to show that it's important. If you need help with your talking points, check the advice from the American Academy of Pediatrics on talking to kids about sex from preschool through the teen years.
Here are other ways you can get involved in what your child learns about sex and when:
- Stay informed about sexual health issues by reading, and talking to other parents and your family doctor. That way you can learn about the pressures on young people that didn't exist when you were a teen!
- Find out what your school teaches your child about sex and in what grade.
- Find out where your school board and school board candidates stand on the issue.
- Keep up to date on state legislation that governs the way sex education is taught.
Updated May 2008
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